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Energy: Energy makes changes possible. We use it while dong things. It moves cars along the road and bots over the water. It cooks our food and keeps ice frozen in the freezer. It plays our favorite songs on the radio and lights our homes. Energy is needed for our bodies to grow. Scientists define energy as: Energy is the ability to work.
Form of Energy: Energy is found in different form s such as light, heat, chemical energy, etc. We can put all the forms of energy into two categories: Potential and Kinetic. Potential Energy: Potential energy is that is sorted in an object due to changes int its position. It is written as P.E When we stretch a rubber band or lift a stone to some height, energy is stored in these objects, this energy is called potential energy. Chemical Energy: Chemical energy is a form of potential energy. It is stored in food batteries and fuels such as coal, petrol and natural gas. Food, fuels and batteries release chemical energy as a result of chemical reactions. Heat Energy: Heat is a form of energy. It is the movement of particles with in the substance. When we heat up an object, its particles move and collide faster. Heat can move from one place to other. Head cooks food. It changes solids into liquid and liquid into vapors. The sun is the major source of heat for us. Light Energy: Light is a form of energy. The sun is the major source of light for us. Light helps plants to make food. Some calculators use light energy to work. The light passing through the lens of a camera makes an image on the film. Electrical Energy: Electrical energy is the movement of electrical charges. Electrical charges moving through a wire is called electricity. We use many appliances at home which use electricity. Can you name such appliance? Lightning is another example of electrical energy. Sound Energy: Sound is also a form of energy. Sound energy is produced by the vibrating body. Place small pieces of paper on the surface of a stereo deck. The sound energy causes the pieces of paper to move. When you speak your sound vibrates the eardrums of your friend. The energy in sound is far less than other forms of energy. Conversion of different form of Energy: Conversion of energy mean energy chances one form of energy can be changes into another form. Let us discus some energy changes. 1. When we lift a toy car to the top of the ramp, potential energy is stored in it. When we let it go down, the ramp, its move and gains kinetic energy. 2. Wood, natural gas, petrol etc.
all fuels have chemical energy (potential energy). When we burn these fuels, their energy changes to light and heat energy. 3. When we witch on a bulb, the electrical energy changes into light energy. 4. We eat food when we run. The chemical energy (potential energy) of food changes to which energy? 5. Switch on the radio. Can you explain the inter conversation of energies?

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Range Equipment

4.1 Targets – General Principles

4.1.1 Only targets listed in Appendix B are to be used for USPSA Handgun matches.

4.1.2 Scoring targets used in all USPSA Handgun matches must be of a single color, as follows:

4.1.2.1 The scoring area of scoring paper targets must be of a typical cardboard color.

4.1.2.2 The entire front of scoring metal targets must be painted a single color, preferably white. Scoring metal targets may not be painted black, red or green.

4.1.3 No-shoots must be clearly marked or be of a single color different from scoring targets. Metal no-shoots in the general size and shape of authorized paper targets may be used. Metal no-shoots do not have a non-scoring border. No-shoots may not have holes cut in them and be used as penalty targets that must be shot through to hit a scoring target; see 9.1.5.

4.1.4 Targets used in a course of fire may be partially or wholly hidden through the use of hard or soft cover:

4.1.4.1 Cover provided to hide all or a portion of a target will be considered hard cover. When possible hard cover should not be simulated but constructed using impenetrable materials (see Rule 2.1.3). Whole paper targets must not be used solely as hard cover.

4.1.4.2 Cover provided merely to obscure targets is considered soft cover. Shots which have passed through soft cover and which strike a scoring target will score. Shots that have passed through soft cover before hitting a no-shoot will be penalized. All scoring zones on targets hidden by soft cover must be left wholly intact. Targets obscured by soft cover must either be visible through the soft cover or a portion of the affected target(s) must be visible from around or over the soft cover.

4.1.5 Declaring a single, intact target to represent two or more targets by use of tape, paint or any other means is prohibited.

4.2 Approved Handgun Targets – Paper

4.2.1 There are two types of paper targets approved for use in USPSA Handgun matches (see Appendix B). These types must not be included together in any stage. This includes using one type as scoring and the other as a no-shoot.

4.2.2 Paper targets must have scoring lines and non-scoring borders clearly marked on the face of the target, however, scoring lines and non-scoring borders should not be visible beyond a distance of 33 feet. The scoring zones reward power in USPSA matches.

4.2.2.1 The face of paper no-shoots must include a sufficiently distinguishable non-scoring border. In the absence of perforations or other suitable markings, the Range Master must order that all affected targets have a replacement non-scoring border drawn or fitted thereon.

4.2.3 Paper targets must never be required to receive more than 12 hits before being scored and patched.

4.2.4 When the scoring area of a paper target is to be partially hidden, course designers must simulate hard cover in one of the following ways:

4.2.4.1 By actually hiding a portion of the target (see Rule 4.1.4.1).

4.2.4.2 By physically cutting targets to remove the portion deemed to be hidden by hard cover. Such targets must be fitted with a replacement non-scoring border, which must extend the full width of the cut scoring area (see Rule 4.2.2).

4.2.4.3 By painting or taping the portion of the target deemed to be hidden by hard cover a single and visibly contrasting color.

4.2.5 Hard Cover (and overlapping no-shoots) must not completely hide the highest scoring zone on a partially hidden paper target. The minimum requirements are specified in Appendix B.

Safety Areas

2.4 Safety Areas

The host organization is responsible for the construction and placement of a sufficient number of Safety Areas for the match. They should be conveniently placed and easily identified with signs. At level II or higher matches, Safety Areas must include a table with the safe direction and boundaries clearly shown.

2.4.1 Competitors are permitted to use the Safety Areas for the activities stated below provided they remain within the boundaries of the Safety Area and the firearm is pointed in a safe direction. Violations are subject to match disqualification (see Rules 10.5.1 & 10.5.12).

2.4.1.1 Casing, uncasing, and holstering unloaded firearms.

2.4.1.2 Practice the mounting, drawing, “dry-firing” and re-holstering of unloaded firearms.

2.4.1.3 Practice the insertion and removal of empty magazines and/or to cycle the action of a firearm.

2.4.1.4 Conduct inspections, stripping, cleaning, repairs and maintenance of firearms, component parts and other accessories.

2.4.2 Dummy ammunition (including practice or training rounds, snap caps and empty cases), loaded magazines, loaded speed loading devices and live rounds must not be handled in a Safety Area under any circumstances (see Rule 10.5.12).

2.5 Unloading/Loading Station

2.5.1 If it is possible that some competitors arriving at a range where a USPSA match is being held may be in possession of a loaded firearm on their person (e.g. law enforcement officers, persons duly authorized to carry a loaded firearm, etc.), match organizers should provide an Unloading/Loading Station to enable such competitors to safely unload their firearms prior to entering the range, and to safely load their firearms again on departure from the range.

The Unloading/Loading Station should be conveniently located outside the entrance to the range (or outside the portion of the range allocated to the USPSA match), it should be clearly sign-marked and it must include a suitable impact zone.

2.5.2 Where no Unloading/Loading station is provided, a competitor who arrives at a match in possession of a loaded firearm and proceeds immediately to a match official for the express purpose of safely unloading the firearm shall not be subject to disqualification per the provisions of Rule 10.5.13.

Course Construction Criteria

2.2 Course Construction Criteria


During the construction of a course of fire, a variety of physical barriers may be used to restrict competitor movement and to provide additional competitive challenges as follows:

2.2.1 Competitor movement may be restricted or controlled through the use of physical barriers, Fault Lines, Shooting Boxes, or Off-Limits Lines.

2.2.1.1 Shooting Boxes and Fault Lines should be constructed of wooden boards or other suitable material, must be fixed firmly in place, and provide both physical and visual references to competitors. For hard ground surfaces clear of debris, 0.75 inch material is the minimum allowable size. On other range surfaces, such as covered with turf, sand, gravel, wood chips or similar, thicker material which rises at least 1.5 inches above the surface is recommended.

2.2.1.2 Shooting Boxes and Fault Lines are used to define the limits of the shooting area(s). (See Rule 10.2.1)

2.2.1.3 Fault Lines extending rearward (uprange) should be a minimum of 3 feet in length, and unless otherwise stated in the written stage briefing, are deemed to extend rearward to infinity.

2.2.1.4 The use of Shooting Boxes and Fault Lines at prone shooting positions should be avoided or used with caution.

2.2.1.5 Off-Limits Lines may be used to define an area of the range floor which has been declared off-limits. The written stage briefing must identify the presence and location of Off-Limits Lines (if any). The off-limits area must be clearly delineated with rope, caution tape or other materials and must be at least 2 feet high and at least 2 feet from any Fault Line or Shooting Box. (See Rule 10.2.11).

Crossing an off-limits line will result in a zero for the stage. Openings in off limits lines are allowed for RO access only; competitors may not use the openings to enter any off limits areas or move through the course of fire in a manner not indicated by the off limits lines. The lines are deemed to extend through the open areas.

2.2.2 Obstacles – Courses of fire may include the use of barriers or major obstacles to be surmounted by competitors. Obstacles used in this way must not exceed a height of 6.5 feet. Obstacles over 3 feet in height must be supplied with scaling aids to assist competitors and must be constructed to provide for the competitor’s safety in the following ways:

2.2.2.1 Obstacles must be firmly anchored and braced to provide ade-quate support when in use. Wherever possible, unduly sharp or rough surfaces must be removed to reduce the possibility of injury to competitors and/or Match Officials.

2.2.2.2 The descending side of any obstacle must be clear of obstructions or natural hazards.

2.2.2.3 Competitors must be allowed to test such obstacles before the course of fire and should be given a short period to do so.

2.2.2.4 Competitors must not be required to holster their handgun before ascending these obstacles.

2.2.3 Barriers – Must be constructed in the following manner:

2.2.3.1 They must be high enough and strong enough to serve the intended purpose.

2.2.3.2 They should include Fault Lines projecting rearward at ground level from the side edges.

2.2.3.3 Unless otherwise specified in the written stage briefing, all such barriers, walls, vision barriers and snow fence barriers will be considered to go from the ground to the height as constructed.

2.2.4 Tunnels – A tunnel that a competitor is required to enter or pass through must be constructed of suitable material and to any length. However, sufficient ports must be provided to allow Match Officials to safely monitor competitor action. Tunnel mouth edges must be prepared to minimize the possibility of injury to competitors and Match Officials. Course designers must clearly designate the entrance and exit portions of the tunnel as well as the parameters for shooting at any targets from within the tunnel (e.g. Fault Lines).

2.2.5 “Cooper” Tunnels – Are tunnels comprised of braced uprights supporting loose overhead materials (e.g. wooden slats), which may be inadvertently dislodged by competitors (see Rule 10.2.5). These tunnels may be constructed to any height, but overhead materials must not be heavy enough to cause injury if they fall.

2.2.6 Stage Props – Where these items are intended to support a competitor in motion or while shooting targets, they must be constructed with the safety of the competitor and Match Officials as a priority. Provisions must be made to allow Match Officials to safely monitor and control competitor action at all times. Props must be strong enough to withstand use by all competitors.

2.3 Modifications to Course Construction

2.3.1 Match Officials may, for any reason, modify the physical construction or stage procedure for a course of fire, provided that such changes are approved in advance by the Range Master. Any such physical changes or additions to a published course of fire should be completed before the stage begins.

2.3.1.1 In lieu of modifying course design or physical construction, a Range Master may explicitly forbid certain competitor actions in order to maintain safety during a course of fire.

Course Construction and Modification

The following general regulations of course construction list the criteria, responsibilities and restrictions applicable to courses of fire in USPSA matches. Course designers, host organizations and officials are governed by these regulations.

2.1 General Regulations

2.1.1 Physical Construction – Safety considerations in the design, physical construction and stated requirements for any course of fire are the responsibility of the host organization subject to the approval of the Range Master. Reasonable effort must be made to prevent injury to competitors, officials and spectators during the match. Course design should prevent inadvertent unsafe actions wherever possible. Consideration must be given to the operation of any course of fire to provide suitable access for officials supervising the competitors.

2.1.2 Safe Angles of Fire – Courses of fire must always be constructed to ensure safe angles of fire. Consideration must be given to safe target and frame construction and the angle of any possible ricochets. Where appropriate the physical dimensions and suitability of backstops and side berms must be determined as part of the construction process.

2.1.3 Minimum Distances – Whenever metal targets or metal hard cover are used in a course of fire, precautions must be taken so that competitors and Match Officials maintain a minimum distance of 23 feet from them while they are being shot.

Where possible, this should be done with physical barriers. If Fault Lines are used to limit the approach to metal targets, they must be placed at least 26 feet from the targets so that the competitor may inadvertently fault the line and still be outside the 23 feet minimum distance (see Rule 10.5.17). Care should also be taken in respect of metal props in the line of fire.

2.1.4 Target Locations – When a course is constructed to include target locations other than immediately downrange, organizers and officials must protect or restrict surrounding areas to which competitors, officials or spectators have access. Each competitor must be allowed to solve the competitive problem in his own way and must not be hindered by being forced to act in any manner which might cause unsafe action. Targets must be arranged so that shooting at them on an “as and when visible

2.1.5 Range Surface – Where possible, the range surface must be prepared prior to the match, and be kept moderately clear of debris during the match, to provide reasonable safety for competitors and officials. Consideration should be given to the possibility of inclement weather and competitor actions.

Range Officials may add gravel, sand or other materials to a deteriorated range surface at any time, and such range maintenance actions cannot be appealed by competitors.

2.1.6 Obstacles – Natural or created obstacles in a course of fire should reasonably allow for variations in competitors’ height and physical build and should be constructed to provide reasonable safety for all competitors, Match Officials and spectators.

2.1.7 Common Firing Lines – Courses of fire where multiple competitors are required to fire simultaneously from a common firing line (e.g. Standard Exercises, Shoot-Off), must provide a minimum of 5 feet of free space between each competitor.

2.1.8 Target Placement – Care must be taken with the physical placement of a paper target to prevent a “shoot through”.

2.1.8.1 Target placement should be clearly marked on the target stands for consistent target replacement. Target stands should be securely fixed or their locations should be clearly marked on the range surface.

2.1.8.2 When paper and metal targets are used in close proximity in a course of fire, care must be taken to minimize the risk of splatter from metal targets.

2.1.8.3 When Poppers are used in a course of fire, care should be taken to ensure that the location or foundation area is prepared to provide consistent operation throughout the match.

2.1.8.4 Scoring static Classic paper targets must not be presented at an angle greater than approximately 45 degrees from the vertical. No-shoot static Classic paper targets may be presented at any angle.

2.1.8.5 Appearing scoring targets must be designed and constructed to be obscured to the competitor (during the course of fire) prior to activation.

2.1.8.5.1Level One matches are encouraged but not required to comply with this requirement. The Written Stage Briefing (WSB) may prohibit competitors from engaging certain targets which may be visible prior to activation until the operation of the activating mechanism has been initiated (see Rule 9.9.4)

2.1.9 All berms are off- limits to all persons at all times, except when access to them is specifically permitted by a Range Officer (see Rule 10.6.1).

Special Courses of Fire:

1.2.2 Special Courses of Fire:

1.2.2.1 Standard Exercises - Courses of fire consisting of two or more separately timed component strings. Scores, with any penalties deducted, are accumulated on completion of the course of fire to produce the final stage results. Standard Exercises must only be scored using Virginia Count or Fixed Time. The course of fire for each component string may require a specific shooting position, procedure and/or one or more mandatory reloads. Standard Exercises must not require more than 24 rounds to complete. Component strings must not require more than 6 rounds (12 rounds if a mandatory reload is specified).

1.2.2.2 Classifiers – Courses of fire published by USPSA, which are available to competitors seeking a National classification. Classifiers must be set-up in accordance with these rules and be conducted strictly in accordance with the notes and diagrams accompanying them. Results must be submitted to the publishing entity in the format required (with the applicable fees, if any), in order to be recognized.

1.2.2.3 Speed Shoot-Courses of fire consisting of one continuous string of fire not exceeding 16 rounds shot on one or more arrays of multiple targets from a single location or view. The written stage briefing may specify engaging arrays of targets without violating rule (1.1.5), as long as the competitor is allowed to engage said arrays in any order, and individual target engagement is not specified. No more than eight rounds may be required without a mandatory reload and no more than one mandatory reload may be required in the course of fire. Weak/Strong hand may be stipulated after the reload is complete. Stage may be scored either Comstock or Virginia Count. See Rule 9.2.3.2.

1.2.2.3.1Level II and higher matches are allowed no more than one of these courses of fire per every five stages. The total points available in these courses of fire shall not exceed 20% of the total points available in any match.

1.2.3 Supplementary Courses of Fire:

1.2.3.1 Shoot-Off: must not require more than nine rounds to complete and must require 1 mandatory reload.

1.3 USPSA Sanctioning

1.3.1 Match organizers wishing to receive Level II or Level III USPSA sanction must comply with the general principles of course design and course construction as well as all other current USPSA rules and regulations relevant to the discipline. Courses of fire that do not comply with these requirements will not be sanctioned, and must not be publicized or announced as USPSA sanctioned matches.

1.3.2 The Director of NROI, his delegate, or an officer of the Organization (in that order) may withdraw USPSA sanctioning from a match. Such action may be taken at any time where, in his or their opinion, a match contravenes the purpose or spirit of the principles of course design or is in breach of any of the current USPSA Rules or is likely to bring the sport of USPSA shooting into disrepute.

1.3.3 USPSA match level requirements and recommendations are specified in Appendix A1.